Method for making hydrogel markers

ABSTRACT

A hydrogel marker is placed under stress during its curing stage, in one embodiment, by application of an externally applied force. The stress may also be induced during or after the dehydration process. The direction of the externally applied force increases the length, width, depth, or radial extent of the marker. The elastic limit of the marker is exceeded when the external force is applied so that the marker substantially retains its stressed size and shape when the externally applied force is removed. When the stretched or otherwise deformed dehydrated marker is hydrated, it substantially returns to the configuration it had prior to its dehydration and prior to the application of the externally applied force.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/022,531, filed Jan. 30, 2008; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/277,721, filed Mar. 28, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,939,910 B2, issued on Jan. 27, 2015 by the same inventors. Both pending patent application Ser. No. 12/022,531 and issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,939,910 B2 are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this disclosure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, generally, to a method for improving the manufacture of a hyperechoic marker or markers. Such markers are used to indicate the location of a tumor or lesion so that a procedure to remove such lesion or tumor may be performed weeks or months after the marker has been implanted. More particularly, it relates to markers that incorporate hydrogels to enhance the visibility of the markers with imaging techniques such as ultrasound and to methods for making such markers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A permanent metal or hard plastic, such as a permanent, bio-compatible plastic such as polyethylene, or temporary, bioabsorbable, biocompatible plastic such as PGA/PLA, or other suitable marker must be left at a biopsy site at the completion of a biopsy if the site is to be located again in the future. Biodegradable markers are not permanent and therefore cannot be relied upon if a biopsy site is to be re-located at a time remote from the time of the biopsy. However, there are applications where a temporary, biodegradable marker may have utility, either when used alone, in combination with other temporary markers, or in combination with one or more permanent markers. Suture and collagen-based markers are not suitable as markers because they are hyperechoic, i.e., difficult to see under ultrasound because such materials are easily confused with other shadowing normal structures in the body such as fibrous tissue, fatty tissue, ducts in breast tissue, and the like, for example. Such tissue provides a background clutter that masks the presence of a marker made of metal, hard plastic, or other hyperechoic material.

Water, unlike metal, hard plastic, and other hyperechoic materials, is hypoechoic, i.e., easy to see under imaging techniques such as ultrasound. Therefore it would be advantageous if a marker made of a hyperechoic material such as metal or hard plastic could be surrounded by an easily seen quantity of water.

However, the art includes no means for surrounding a hyperechoic marker with water at a biopsy site.

There is a need, then, for a permanent marker that is surrounded by water after it has been positioned at a biopsy site.

There is also a need, however, for a non-permanent, i.e., temporary marker that is surrounded by a hypoechoic material such as water at a biopsy site.

Moreover, there is a need for both permanent and temporary markers formed of hyperechoic materials, or temporary hyperechoic markers alone, surrounded by a hypoechoic material.

A need also exists for a hydrogel manufacturing process that produces a cured and dehydrated plug or marker that contracts in length and increases in diameter upon being hydrated.

There is also a need for a hydrogel manufacturing process that produces a cured and dehydrated plug or marker that contracts in width and increases in length and height upon being hydrated.

There is also a further need for a hydrogel manufacturing process that produces a cured and dehydrated plug or marker that contracts radially and increases in length upon being hydrated

However, in view of the prior art taken as a whole at the time the present invention was made, it was not obvious to those of ordinary skill how the identified needs could be fulfilled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The first aspect of the instant claimed invention is a process to make hydrogel which expands in only one direction upon deployment in tissue, said method comprising the step of inducing stress in the hydrogel during the curing process.

The second aspect of the instant claimed invention is a process to make hydrogel which expands in two directions upon deployment in tissue, said method comprising the step of inducing stress in the hydrogel during the dehydration process.

The third aspect of the instant claimed invention is a process to make hydrogel which expands in three directions upon deployment in tissue, said method comprising the step of inducing stress in the hydrogel after dehydration of the polymer has been completed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a hydrogel marker in a position of repose;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of said hydrogel marker when stress is applied thereto in a longitudinal direction;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of said hydrogel marker when stress is applied thereto in a transverse direction;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of said hydrogel marker when stress is applied thereto in a vertical direction;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a cylindrical hydrogel marker when in repose;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the cylindrical marker of FIG. 5 when said marker is expanded in a radial direction

FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of a second embodiment of the permanent marker when the temporary/bioabsorbable hydrogel marker that encapsulates it is in repose; and

FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of said second embodiment when stress is applied thereto in a longitudinal direction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The long-standing but heretofore unfulfilled need for a dehydrated marker that encapsulates a permanent marker and that facilitates imaging of said permanent marker is met by this new, useful, and non-obvious invention.

The long-standing but heretofore unfulfilled need for a dehydrated marker that contracts in length and increases in diameter, contracts in width and increases in length, or radially contracts and increases in length when hydrated, and a method for making such a marker, is also met by this invention.

Hydrogel, in order to be effective in the application of this invention, should contain about eighty to ninety percent (80%-90%) water. Hydrogels can contain higher or Lower percentages of water but the range of eighty to ninety percent is believed to be optimal for the purposes of this invention but this invention is not limited to that particular range. Forming a biopsy marker from a hydrogel therefore provides a way to contain water so that it does not flow. It would be advantageous to embed a permanent marker within a cured and dehydrated hydrogel marker. The marker would become hydrated by natural body moisture after being positioned at a biopsy site, thereby surrounding the permanent marker with water. The water would be easily seen under ultrasound and therefore the permanent marker it surrounds would be easy to see.

The permanent marker may be positioned in the center of the hydrogel or off-center with respect thereto. It may even be positioned external to the hydrogel. In the latter case, a record may be made to the effect that the permanent marker will be found at the six o'clock position relative to the hydrogel, or the like.

Current hydrogel manufacturing processes provide a cured and dehydrated product that expands in all directions when hydrated. Such all-dimensional expansion may be unwanted in some situations. For example, a cavity may have a certain diameter and length. In that situation, it may be desirable to insert a marker having slightly less diameter and about the same length as the cavity. The desired marker would expand in diameter, thereby sealing the cavity, but not increase in length when hydrated. As another example, a cavity may have a certain width, height, and length and it may be desirable to insert a marker having a slightly smaller width and height and about the same length as the cavity. It would then be desirable to have a marker that expands in width and height to seal the cavity but not longitudinally when exposed to the natural moisture of the body.

The novel hydrogel polymer has a permanent marker formed of metal, hard plastic, or other hyperechoic material embedded within the polymer. The hydration of the polymer by the natural moisture of the tissue surrounding it causes expansion of the polymer and thus minimizes the risk of migration. The growing hydrogel centers itself in the biopsy cavity as it grows.

The novel hydrogel composition does not include polyglycolic acid (“PGA/PLA”). It is preferably polyethylene glycol (“peg”)-based and has advantages in imaging. Specifically, the marker is mostly water when hydrated. This provides a significant advantage because water is easily visible when ultrasound is employed as aforesaid.

The novel marker has two (2) imaging stages. The marker is solid and dry when it is deployed initially to mark the cavity created by a biopsy procedure. The solid, dry marker is seen as a shadowing, hyperechoic, linear object with posterior acoustic shadowing on ultrasound.

However, as the hydrogel expands, naturally-present moisture from the surrounding tissue, the hydration enables increasing sound through transmission, appears more and more hypoechoic and is easy to visualize on follow up ultrasound studies. The hydrogel, when hydrated, appears black in color, centers itself in the biopsy or other cavity as it grows, and frames the permanent marker.

The polymer marker is molded and cured into different shapes to avoid confusion with normal breast structures such as ducts. The shapes can be rod-like, spiral, round, toroidal, rectangular, string of pearls or any other predetermined geometrical configuration that does not have an appearance that resembles a naturally-occurring feature.

The hypoechoic nature of the hydrated marker enables ultrasound visibility of the permanent marker within the hydrogel hydrated marker because the permanent marker is outlined as a specular reflector within a hypoechoic hydrated marker having a water-like nonreflective substrate.

Water is the most easily visualized substrate under ultrasound. The permanent marker of this invention can have any shape that is not easily confused with a natural shape as mentioned above and it can be made of any permanent metallic-like or hard plastic material. Helical shapes having a hollow interior is a preferred shape because it allows the polymer to better retain the permanent marker within.

This invention incorporates two novel ideas that lead to patentable applications. Both ideas involve different manufacturing techniques to produce a unique design that provides unique and novel properties for different medical, i.e., implantable applications.

The first insight relates to stress induction. Hydrogels have some unique properties due to their hydrophilic characteristics. One of the most important properties of this type of Implantable polymer is the ability to expand to fill a void or cavity to thereby mark a specific site in many different types of tissue. Significantly, the hydrogel implants of this invention are manufactured so that they can expand or contract in one dimension only when desired, two dimensions only when desired, or all three dimensions when desired.

These novel manufacturing processes are introduced during different stages of manufacturing to control post hydration expansion.

In the first novel method, stress is induced in the hydrogel during the curing process. Significantly, the hydrogel is pulled beyond its elastic limit. Specifically, stress is induced during the curing process by stretching the hydro gel beyond its elastic limit in the length direction. This increase in length decreases the diameter of the hydrogel marker if it is in rod form. This introduction of stress while the hydrogel is changing from a liquid to a solid stage creates a solid, dry marker that contracts in length and expands in diameter only when hydrated. Stress may also be induced during the curing process by stretching the hydrogel beyond its elastic limit in the width direction, thereby shortening its length. This causes the hydrogel to contract in the width direction and expand in the length direction when hydrated. Stress may further be induced during the curing process by stretching the hydrogel beyond its elastic limit in the height direction. This causes the hydrogel to contract in the height direction and expand in length when hydrated. Moreover, stress may be induced during the curing process by stretching the hydrogel beyond its elastic limit in the radial direction. This causes the hydrogel to contract only in the radial direction when hydrated. To accomplish radial stretching, the hydrogel is formed into a cylinder and pressure is applied from within to cause the radial expansion. Such radial expansion shortens the length of the cylinder. Thus, when hydrated, the hydrogel contracts in a radial direction and lengthens.

In a second novel method, stress is induced during the dehydration process. The product is pulled or suspended beyond its elastic limit in a specific direction to increase its length, width, depth, or radial dimension. This causes the polymer to contract in that specific direction to the substantial exclusion of all other directions when the polymer is hydrated.

This process can be used to make the polymer expand radially and contract in a longitudinal direction as aforesaid. The stress induced during this process is controlled to determine the Radial Expansion/Longitudinal Contraction ratio (RE/LC). Profile expansion or radial expansion is desirable when a cavity or a biopsy tract needs to be sealed in the substantial absence of longitudinal expansion. This technique enables the marker manufacturer to produce markers having known RE/LC ratios.

In a third novel method, stress is induced after dehydration of the polymer has been completed. The stress may also be induced by stretching or by introducing different mechanical deformations by means other than stretching. Some of these deformations are achieved by using mechanical processing equipment having various functions such as punching, folding, and the like. In all cases, the deformation must exceed the elastic limit of the material.

The permanent metallic or hard plastic marker may have a rod shape, a cylindrical shape, a coil shape, or other suitable shape. The coil configuration allows hydrogel to cure inside the core of the coil and between the loops of the coil to achieve a complete and smooth coverage of the hyperechoic permanent marker by the hypoechoic temporary/bioabsorbable hydrogel.

The novel marker has several medical applications for soft tissue implants with a controlled RE/LC ratio. For example, it may be used as a soft tissue or void filler in cosmetic applications. A physician would start with a small size implant that expands in time to fill a cavity in a radial direction only without any longitudinal expansion.

Hydrogel implants post hydration are softer than most conventional implants and can take different shapes in filling soft tissue cavities. Expansion in the length direction may need to be controlled to maintain the desired shape.

There are also applications that require a higher than usual expansion rate, and there are applications where higher expansion rates are needed for small dehydrated implants in one direction only while contraction or shrinkage occurs in a different direction.

A primary advantage of the novel markers is that they provide a metal, hard plastic, or other permanent marker that is easy to see under imaging because it is surrounded by water due to the hydration of the bioabsorbable hydrogel within which it is embedded.

Another major advantage is the ability to cause a hydrogel marker to expand or contract in a predetermined manner when hydrated. In all embodiments, the hydrated marker returns to or substantially to the size and shape it had prior to the application thereto of an externally applied force and prior to its dehydration. This is the “n repose” configuration of the hydrogel marker. The externally applied force may be applied, as aforesaid, during curing of the hydrogel, preferably near the end of the curing process, during dehydration, or after dehydration. When the externally applied force is applied, the dimensions of the hydrogel marker will change but said stretched dimensions will be maintained when the externally applied force is removed because the elastic limit of the marker will have been exceeded. Only when the stretched marker is exposed to the natural moisture of the human body, or some other source of moisture, will it return or substantially return to the in repose size and shape it had prior to the application of the externally applied force and prior to its dehydration. Hydration is thus understood as a means for removing the stresses imparted by the externally applied force or forces. If externally applied forces are applied to a cylindrical marker, for example, to lengthen it, and if stretched beyond its elastic limit, the lengthening will reduce the diameter of the marker. Removal of the externally applied force will not further affect the shape of the marker, i.e., it will maintain its stretched size and shape. Only when hydration of the marker occurs will the diameter of the marker return to or almost to its original diameter and the length shorten to its original length. All embodiments behave in a like manner, returning to or almost to their original, unstretched or undeformed shapes and sizes only when hydrated.

These and other advantages will become apparent as this disclosure proceeds. The invention includes the features of construction, arrangement of parts, and combination of elements set forth herein, and the scope of the invention is set forth in the claims appended hereto.

Referring now to FIG. 1, it will there be seen that an illustrative embodiment of the invention is denoted as a whole by the reference numeral 10.

Hydrogel marker 10 includes permanent marker 12 embedded within a temporary, bioabsorbable hydrogel material 14 having, in this first embodiment, a shape designed to inhibit migration of marker 10 within tissue. The FIG. 1 configuration is the “in repose” configuration of marker 10. Permanent marker 12 is formed of metal, hard plastic, or other permanent material. It should be noted that permanent marker 12 may be embedded in the center of the hydrogel or at any off center location. It may even be positioned outside the hydrogel if a record is made recording the location of the permanent marker relative to the hydrogel.

This invention is not limited to any particular shape. Hydrogel material 14 may be formed into any shape that inhibits migration.

Permanent marker 12 could also be positioned in the interior of a balloon or other bladder and said balloon or bladder could be filled with water. Although this may not be a practical way of identifying the location of the permanent marker, it would work because water is hypoechoic and such an apparatus would therefore identify the location of a hyperechoic permanent marker.

In FIG. 2, marker 10 is depicted when an external force is applied thereto in a longitudinal direction in excess of its elastic limit. Thus, marker 10 is therefore permanently lengthened relative to its “in repose” configuration of FIG. 1. Thus, it has a smaller diameter and a greater when stretched than when it was in repose. When the external force is removed, marker 10 substantially retains its FIG. 2 size and shape. When the manufacturing of marker 10 of FIG. 2 is completed and the finished, dehydrated marker 10 is hydrated, it returns to, or almost to, its FIG. 1 size and shape, increasing in diameter and decreasing in length.

There are different methods by which a longitudinal force may be applied to marker 10, and all of such methods are within the scope of this invention. One way is to simply pull upon the marker in a longitudinal direction. Another way is to suspend it so that gravity performs the elongation. Another way is to suspend marker 10 and employ a weight to increase the gravitational pull. In all cases, the elastic limit of the hydrogel material must be exceeded.

In FIG. 3, marker 10 is depicted when an external force is applied thereto in a transverse direction beyond the elastic limit of the material. Thus, marker 10 is widened relative to its “in repose” configuration of FIG. 1, but it loses some height and length. When the externally applied transverse force is removed, marker 10 substantially retains its FIG. 3 size and shape. When the manufacturing of marker 10 of FIG. 3 is completed and the finished, dehydrated marker 10 is hydrated, it contracts substantially to its FIG. 1 size and shape, thus growing shorter but higher than its stressed size and shape,

In FIG. 4, marker 10 is depicted when an external force is applied thereto in a vertical direction beyond the elastic limit of the material. Thus, the vertical dimension or depth of marker 10 is increased relative to its “in repose” configuration of FIG. 1 but its length and width are reduced. When the vertical external force is removed, marker 10 substantially retains its FIG. 4 size and shape. When the manufacturing of marker 10 of FIG. 4 is completed and the finished, dehydrated marker 10 is hydrated, it contracts to or almost to its FIG. 4 size and shape.

The terms “longitudinal,” “transverse,” and “vertical” as used herein are equal, respectively, to the x, y, and z coordinates of the three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.

FIG. 5 depicts a cylindrical temporary marker 14 a in repose and FIG. 6 depicts said cylindrical temporary marker when acted upon by externally applied radial forces, i.e., forces that radiate from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of marker 10. Such forces are most easily applied from within, so marker 10 is provided in cylinder form when radial expansion is desired. Radial forces are combinations of transverse (y) and vertical (z) forces. Marker 10, when acted upon by radial forces, is increased in diameter and shortened along its longitudinal axis. The amount of contraction is proportional to the strength of the radial forces applied. When a plurality of hydrogel markers 14 a are manufactured, a record is kept of the amount of radial expansion force applied to each batch of said temporary markers and of the corresponding length of contraction. A ratio is calculated by dividing the radial expansion by the length of contraction, and this value, RE/LC, is applied to the batch of temporary markers made with such radial forces. Radial expansion is desirable when a cavity or a biopsy tract needs to be seated in the substantial absence of longitudinal expansion. The innovative method disclosed herein enables the marker manufacturer to produce markers having known RE/LC ratios.

As in the other examples, cylindrical temporary marker 14 a substantially retains its FIG. 6 position when the externally applied radial forces are removed because the radial expansion exceeds the elastic limit of the temporary marker. When the manufacturing of cylindrical temporary marker 14 a is completed and the finished, dehydrated temporary marker 14 a of FIG. 6 is hydrated, it returns to or almost to its FIG. 5 size and shape.

In the first novel method, stress is induced in the hydrogel during the curing process. This introduction of stress while the hydrogel is changing from a liquid to a solid stage creates a solid, dry marker that contracts when hydrated only in the amount and direction or directions of expansion that it experienced during the curing process. The marker will not expand to any significant degree in other way when hydrated.

In a second novel method, stress is induced during the dehydration process.

In a third novel method, stress is induced after dehydration of the polymer has been completed. The stress may also be induced by stretching or by introducing different mechanical deformations by means other than stretching. Some of these deformations are achieved by using mechanical processing equipment having various functions such as punching, folding, and the like. As aforesaid, the amount of deformation must exceed the elastic limit of the material.

FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment of the novel hydrogel temporary marker where a permanent helical coil 12 a formed of a hyperechoic material such as metal or hard plastic is embedded within hydrogel material 14. FIG. 7 depicts the marker in repose. FIG. 8 depicts the coil when hydrogel 14 is stressed beyond its elastic limit in a longitudinal direction. Hydrogel 14 substantially returns to its pre-stressed, in repose configurations after the manufacturing process is complete and dehydrated hydrogel 14 is hydrated. The stresses are also applied during curing, during dehydration, and after dehydration, just as in the first embodiment.

The applications of this invention are not limited to permanent markers encapsulated in hydrogel for use in biopsy procedures. The same method may be used to facilitate detection of any permanent, metal, hard plastic, or other hyperechoic structures in the body such as vascular stents, surgical staples, embolization coils, radiation seed, aneuryism clips, electrode stimulation wires, prosthetic valves, stent grafts, biliary stents, drug delivery metal containers or dispensers, and the like.

In all embodiments, stress is induced during stretching or any mechanical deformation causing permanent damage. This deformation is beyond the plastic region and by definition is permanent. Accordingly, stress is maintained in the hydrogel even when the externally applied forces that cause permanent deformation are removed. Stresses are removed only during hydration and that is why the stretched, formed hydrogel wants to restore its original hydrated shape. The hydrogel returns substantially to its original hydrated shape, i.e., the shape it had right after curing and before dehydration. This is like removing residual stress by heat treating a cold worked metal piece such as springs.

It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, and those made apparent from the foregoing description, are efficiently attained and since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention that, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to make hydrogel that expands in only one direction, wherein the hydrogel forms a biopsy site marker, the method comprising: (a) forming a bioabsorbable cylindrical marker body from the hydrogel; (b) curing the hydrogel; (c) inducing stress in the hydrogel during the step of curing, stress is induced in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis defined by the cylindrical marker body, thereby increasing the hydrogel in length and decreasing the hydrogel in diameter, such that the cylindrical marker body will expand in diameter and contract in length upon deployment of the biopsy site marker in tissue; and (d) inserting a permanent marker element into the hydrogel.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein stress is also induced in at least one of a radial direction, a height direction, and a width direction.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein stress is induced in both the height direction and the width direction.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein stress is induced using a mechanical force.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein stress is induced using a gravitational pull.
 6. A method for forming hydrogel that expands in only one-direction, wherein the hydrogel is used in a biopsy site marker, wherein the method comprises: (a) forming a bioabsorbable hydrogel into a cylindrical marker body, wherein the cylindrical marker body defines a longitudinal axis; (b) subjecting the hydrogel to a curing process after formation of the cylindrical marker body to transition the hydrogel from a liquid state to solid dry state; (c) stretching the cylindrical marker body along the longitudinal axis during the curing process beyond the elastic limit of the hydrogel, thereby expanding the cylindrical marker body in length and contracting the cylindrical marker body in diameter; and (d) inserting a non-bioabsorbable marker element into the cylindrical marker body such that the marker element is surrounded by the hydrogel.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of inserting the marker element includes centering the marker element within the cylindrical marker body.
 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising inserting the cylindrical marker body into tissue to permit absorption of fluid into the hydrogel to thereby expand the diameter of the cylindrical marker body.
 9. A method for forming hydrogel into a biopsy site marker that expands in only one direction, wherein the method comprises: (a) subjecting a hydrogel to a curing process to form a bioabsorbable cylindrical marker body, wherein the cylindrical marker body defines a longitudinal axis, wherein the curing process includes dehydrating the hydrogel to transition the hydrogel from a liquid state to solid state; (b) pulling the cylindrical marker body in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis during the curing process, wherein the act of pulling includes exceeding the elastic limit of the hydrogel to thereby expand the cylindrical marker body in length and contract the cylindrical marker body in diameter; and (c) inserting a metallic non-bioabsorbable marker element into the cylindrical marker body. 